Section+17-4+The+Reformation+Continues

Key Words:

 * __Predestination__: Doctrine that states that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved.
 * __Calvinism__: A religion based off of Calvin's teachings.
 * __Theocracy__: A government controlled by religious leaders.
 * __Presbyterians__: Followers of Knox.
 * __Anabaptist__: Means "baptize again" in Greek, they were believers who thought that those who were baptized as children should be baptized again as adults when they are old enough to decide to be Christians.
 * __Catholic Reformation__: Or Counter Reformation, a movement where the Catholic Church reforms itself so more Catholics would remain loyal.
 * __Jesuits__: Members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order made by the pope in 1540 after 18 years of Ignatius' followers gathering.
 * __Council of Trent__: Catholic bishops and cardinals met from 1545-1563 and agreed several doctrines.

Key People:

 * __Huldrych Zwingli__: A Catholic priest in Zurich who continued the reformation in Switzerland, influenced by humanists, Luther, and Erasmus.
 * __John Calvin__: Wrote //Institutes of the Christian Religion// in 1536 which talks about ideas of God, salvation, and human nature and the book was a summary of Protestant theology.
 * __John Knox__: Liked Calvin's teaching and put them to work in Scotland in 1559, each community church was governed by elders or laymen.
 * __Marguerite of Navarre__: Sister of King Francis I and protected Calvin in France from being executed.
 * __Katherina von Bora__: Luther's wife, a nun who had run away because inspired by Luther, 6 children.
 * __Ignatius of Loyola__: Grew up in Loyola, Spain, injured in war in 1521 and while recovering thought of his sins and Jesus, he began a daily devotion to reclaim his soul.
 * __Pope Paul III__: Pope from 1534 to 1549, helped in Catholic Church by completing 4 important tasks.
 * __Pope Paul IV__:

Key Terms:

 * Calvin Continues the Reformation:**
 * Zwingli demanded that the Catholic Church, in 1520, returned to early Christianity and believers had more control.
 * Zwingli's teaching spread, 1531: Swiss Protestants and Catholics went to war where Zwingli died.
 * Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas:**
 * Calvin was only 8 when Luther posted his 95 Theses and he grew up around Protestants.
 * Calvin said the men and women are sinful by nature and God chooses who to save (called the elect), he also wrote the predestination.
 * Calvin Leads Reformation into Switzerland:**
 * Calvin believed in theocracy, 1541: Calvin was asked to lead Geneva.
 * Calvin and followers ruled Geneva under strict rules: religion class, no bright clothing or cards, rule breakers imprisoned or excommunicated or banished, those who believed otherwise were burned at the stake.
 * Calvinism Spreads:**
 * 1560s: Knox and Protestant nobles made Calvinism Scotland's religion after driving out Mary Queen of Scots for her infant son James.
 * Calvinism spread to the Swiss, Dutch, and French, some modern Protestant churches can be traced back to Calvin but his rules were softened.
 * French Calvinists where known as Huguenots, lots of violence between them and Catholics, Paris, August 24, 1572: Catholics began hunting and murdering Protestants which spread to other cities and lasted for 6 months, estimated that there were 12,000 killed.
 * Other Protestant Reformers:**
 * Protestants believed that the Bible is the source of religious truth, rediscover truth, new Protestant groups formed.
 * The Anabaptists:**
 * Anabaptists also thought that church and state should be different and didn't fight, and shared their possessions.
 * Catholics and Protestants tried to get rid of Anabaptists, but they survived, they started the Mennonites and Amish, influenced Quakers and Baptists (forerunner: Anglican Church).
 * Women's Role in the Reformation:**
 * Women during the reformation did play important roles, more so in early years, protected reformers, wives had influence, Katherina Zell even spoke out to a minister.
 * Katherina von Bora also ran the finances, fed those who came, supported her husband, but fought with him about woman's rights in a marriage.
 * Protestant religions became more organized, women discouraged from being leaders in church, activities limited to home.
 * The Catholic Reformation:**
 * Millions still remained true Catholics.
 * Ignatius of Loyola:**
 * 1522: he began a book, //Spiritual Exercises//, day-by-day mediation, prayer, and study.
 * Three missions: excellent schools (Jesuit teachers knew classics and theology), convert Christians to Catholicism (missionaries all over), and to stop Protestantism.
 * Reforming Popes:**
 * Paul III investigated indulgence selling and other abuses in church (cardinals did), approved the Jesuit order, Inquisition to seek heresy, called a council of Church leaders to a meeting.
 * Council of Trent doctrines: Church decided on Bible interpretation, salvation earned by faith and good work, Bible and Church equal authorities, indulgences were valid.
 * Paul IV carried out the council's decrees, 1559 he made a list of books dangerous to Catholic Faith called Index of Forbidden Books, these books were gathered and burned by Catholic bishops, 10,000 in one day in Venice.
 * The Legacy of the Reformation:**
 * Reformation had huge impact in religious and political ways, started modern world, but ended Christian unity in Europe.
 * Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation:**
 * Protestant churches flourished, new things made, Catholic Church more unified, education bigger.
 * Women reformers wanted their status improved, but it remained the same, still limited.
 * Political Effects of the Reformation:**
 * Monarchs gained power, Catholic Church lost it, development of nation-states.
 * Reformation also led to groundwork for Enlightenment, intellectual movement in Europe, late 18th century. Led to rejection of religions and overthrow of governments.