Section+22-3+The+Enlightenment+Spread

Key Words:

 * __Salon__: Social gatherings held by wealthy, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, etc. came to discuss ideas here.
 * __Baroque__: Art style in 1600 and 1700s, grand, ornate design.
 * __Neoclassical__: Style in late 1700s, "new classical", simple and elegant and themes from Greek and Roman times.
 * __Enlightened Despot__: Some monarchs made reforms in government to reflect Enlightenment, despot means "absolute ruler".

Key People:

 * __Catherine the Great__: Ruled Russia from 1762-1769, educated, empress, exchanged letters with Voltaire, absolute monarchy with reformations.

Key Terms:
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 * A World of Ideas:**
 * 1700s: Paris center of culture and education, many came from all over Europe and America.
 * Diderot's //Encyclopedia://**
 * Merie-Thérése Geoffrin is a hostess who helped Denis Diderot create the Encyclopedia, a set of books of articles and essays, started publishing in 1751.
 * E made French government and Church mad, banned work, very bad.
 * E ideas spread to newspapers. pamphlets, and songs, attracted to middle class who could afford it and liked idea of equality.
 * New Artistic Styles:**
 * E reflected in music, literature, painting, and architecture.
 * Neoclassical Style Emerges:**
 * E changed styles.
 * Changes in Music and Literature:**
 * E music known as classical light and elegant, composers/musicians: Johann Sebastian Bach, George Friedrich Handel, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.
 * Writers of 18th century wrote novels.
 * First true novel: //Pamela// by Samuel Richardson, also //Tom Jones// by Henry Fielding.
 * Enlightenment and Monarchy:**
 * Spread through royal courts, many philosophers still liked monarchs and to rule justly.
 * Monarchs didn't want to give up power, all changes were to make country stronger and rule more effectively.
 * Frederick the Great:**
 * Frederick II, king of Prussia (1740-1786), reformed Prussia, religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education, abolished torture. But he only went so far.
 * Frederick made it clear he was there to be servant to his people and to serve his country.
 * Joseph II:**
 * Joseph II of Austria (ruled 1780-1790) allowed legal reforms and freedom of press, allowed religious freedoms and abolished serfdom, nobles resisted and after his death, it was undone.
 * Catherine the Great:**
 * 1767: reviewed laws, based ideas on philosophers Montesquieu and Beccaria, recommended religious freedoms, abolished torture and capital punishment, none of which happened.
 * Didn't do much to improve Russian peasants, serfs uprising in 1773 and she changed her mind to end serfdom, gave absolute power to nobles over serfs.
 * Catherine Expands Russia:**
 * Catherine fought for access to Black Sea with Ottoman Turks, two wars, conquered north shore, also gained rights to send ships through Ottoman controlled straights.
 * Poland divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria in Partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, easily divided because of a weak king, and controlling nobles, Poland disappeared for a century.
 * Russia expanded greatly, very powerful, Britian looking at problems with colonies.