Section+14-4+The+Hundreds'+Year+War+and+the+Plague

Key Words:

 * __Avignon__: A French city, which housed several popes for 69 years!
 * __Great Schism__: The split/division in the Church.
 * __Bubonic Plague__: A disease that struck in the 1300s in Asia, North Africa, and Europe, killing 1/3 of Europe.
 * __Hundreds' Years War__: Launched by Edward III and went from 1337-1453.

Key People:

 * __John Wycliffe__: Englishman who preached that Jesus, not the pope, was the head of the Church.
 * __Jan Hus__: A professor who taught that the bible was greater then the pope.
 * __Joan of Arc__: Teenage French peasant girl, who thought God was telling her to chase English out of French and give crown back to true king, Charles VII.

Key Terms:

 * A Church Divided:**
 * 1300s: Age of Faith still strong.
 * Pope and King Collide:**
 * 1300 Pope Boniface VIII made a document for king Philip IV when he tried to use his power on nobles, the document said that the king must always obey the pope.
 * The king didn't, he put the pope in jail, then before bringing him to a trial in France, he was rescued, then died of old age, no other popes tried to force kings again.
 * Avignon and the Great Schism:**
 * 1305, Philip IV convinced College of Cardinals to allow Clement V be the new pope, he moved pope headquarters to Avignon.
 * This weakened the Church, but when they tried to go back to Rome, this happened: 1378 Pope Gregory XI died in Rome, when the new pope was being chosen many in crowds wanted a Roman, or an Italian to be Pope, Urban VI who was much too arrogant and new pope Robert of Geneva (aka Clement VII) took his place.
 * Now two popes, Urban in Rome, Clement in Avignon, each trying to cancel the other out, the great division began.
 * 1414, Council of Constance choose a third pope to try and be the only pope, Holy Roman Empire forced all three to resign and Martin V became only pope, but the papacy had been greatly weakened.
 * Scholars Challenged Church Authority:**
 * Wycliffe was also offended by clergies and thought they shouldn't own land, he also taught that the Bible was greater then the pope, helped New Testament.
 * Hus was excommunicated in 1412, captured by Church in 1414, tried for heretic and burned at stake in 1415.
 * The Bubonic Plague Starts:**
 * Bubonic Plague effected society greatly, Giovanni Boccaccio said that brothers and sister separated, husbands and wives deserted, mothers and fathers not caring for children.
 * Origins and Impact from the Plague:**
 * Started in Asia, went down through traveling routes to Muslim community, Europe, and Sicily by boat, aka Black Death because of purple-black spots, started in Italy and spread through to Europe and North Africa.
 * 4 years to spread, some places untouched, wiped out 2/3-3/4s of the people who got it, 25+ millions in Europe, and even more in Asia.
 * Became periodic attacks, also not as large, but still lessened the population.
 * Effects of the Plague:**
 * Manorial systems fell, populations decreased, Jews blamed and killed or chased away, prices rose, peasants revolted when nobles didn't pay more, serfs left manors, and Church lost followers when prayer didn't stop the plague.
 * Middle Age's society collapsing.
 * The Hundred's Years War:**
 * In the 1300s there was also a century long war between France and England.
 * When the last Capetian king died, English Edward III claimed the throne, starting the war, victories went back and forth, between 1421 and 1453 France was able to get all of England out except in Calais.
 * New form of combat: not just chivalry, but archers fought alongside foot soldiers.
 * The Longbow Changes Warfare:**
 * England invented it, helped a lot in the Battles of Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, battle of Crécy: August 26, 1346 E longbowmen outnumbered by 3 times, F knights thought invincible and charged.
 * Longbowmen let loose the arrows, ran down on French who fled, who trampled own archers, then men on foot attacked, 1/3 of France's army gone.
 * 1456, same in Poitier, and again in 1415 with Agincourt, good-bye chivalric warfare.
 * Joan of Arc:**
 * 1420 E and F signed the treaty that let Henry IV become king after Henry IV died, Joan of Arc wanted the true king, Charles VII, son of Charles VI, to become king.
 * May 7, 1429 led a French army to Orléans, hard battle, just as France was giving up, Joan and a few soldier charged again, the rest followed, and France won.
 * Joan convinced Charles to go to Reims, where he was crowned on July 17, 1429, 1420 Burgundians captured Joan and gave her to English who gave her a Church trial, Charles VII did nothing to help, burned at the stake for heretic and hearing voices (witch) on May 30, 1431.
 * The Impact on the Hundred Years' War:**
 * Ended in 1453, now major nationalism and kings true leaders, French monarch increased, England suffered the War of Roses: two noble houses wanting the throne.
 * Many think the end of Hundreds' Year War also was the end of the Middle Ages: Church devotion and code of chivalry gone.