Section+22-1+The+Scientific+Revolution

Key Words:

 * __Geocentric Theory__: Earth center of universe, idea came from Aristotle, and expanded by Ptolemy.
 * __Scientific Revolution__: Started in Mid-1500s, scholars started to question assuptions and created new theories.
 * __Heliocentric Theory__: Universe is sun-centered, although it still didn't completely explain movements of planets.
 * __Scientific Method__: Logical procedure, needs a problem, tests the problem, draws a conclusion.

Key People:

 * __Galileo Galilei__: Italian scientist, theories about astronomy, built telescope in 1609.
 * __Isaac Newton__: Brought views of Copernicus, Keper, and Galileo under one theory of motion.

Key Terms:
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 * The Roots of Modern Science:**
 * Before 1500s, everything decided from Bible and Roman and Greek works.
 * The Medieval View:**
 * Middle Ages: Earth was center of universe and immovable, planets and sun revolved a perfect circle around Earth.
 * Christians said that their was a reason God put Earth in center of universe.
 * A New Way of Thinking:**
 * Scientific revolution was a new way to natural world based off of observations.
 * During Renaissance, Europeans traveled to Africa, Asia, and Americas, these discoveries led to possibilities and truths.
 * Europeans started looking at astronomy and mathematics, looked at world and found different observations then what they had been told.
 * A Revolutionary Model of the Universe:**
 * People started to question geocentric theory.
 * The Heliocentric Theory:**
 * Geocentric theory didn't explain movements, Nicolaus Copernicus became interested in Greek idea that sun was center of the universe, studied for 25 years before decided Greeks were right.
 * Fear from being made fun of and shunned, Copernicus didn't publish findings until last year of his life, 1543, many would refect ideas because of religious views. //On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies// was his book.
 * Took a while for Copernicus's book to do anything, Tycho Brahe recorded movements for many years, data found by observations, but mathematically followers didn't know what he was saying.
 * Brahe died in 1601, Johannes Kepler continued work, looked at Brahe's work and decided mathematical laws govern movement of planets: revolve around sun in elliptical orbits not circles.
 * Galileo's Discoveries:**
 * Galileo Galilei.
 * 1610, Galileo published Starry Messenger, his findings, Jupiter had four moons and sun had dark spots, moon was rough. Supported Copernicus but shattered Aristotle.
 * Conflict with the Church:**
 * Catholic and Protestants being disproved and people would start to question church's other teachings.
 * 1616: Catholic chuch warned Galileo not to support Copernicus, he kept quite and continued to study, 1632: published //Dialgue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems// which showed Copernicus and Ptolemy, pope angry and brought Galileo to trail.
 * 1633: trail, forced to read a confession saying Copernicus's ideas were false.
 * House arrest until death in 1642, books and ideas spread, Catholic Church said Galileo was right in 1992.
 * The Scientific Method:**
 * Disproves or proves a hypothesis.
 * Bacon and Descartes:**
 * Francis Bacon and René Descartes advanced scientific method in the 1600s.
 * Bacon: wrote about how the past conclusions must be rediscovered and cannot be trusted, encouraged abstract theories and for scientists to experiment and draw their own conclusions. Empiricism or experimental method.
 * Descartes: made analytical geometry, connects algebra and geometry.
 * Descartes: conclusions should be based off of mathematical data, doubted until proven by reason, strict rules to finding truth.
 * Modern scientist have shown observations and experiments can be expressed mathematically.
 * Newton Explains the Law of Gravity:**
 * By 26, Newton certain all objects affected by same force, same force ruled motion of everything in space, universal gravitation: every object in the universe attracts every other object but it is effected by mass of object and distance between them.
 * 1687: published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton believed God created the universe, and the universe is like a clock and has been set into motion.
 * The Scientific Revolution Spreads:**
 * Nature of earth also studied.
 * Scientific Instruments:**
 * New tools made: microscope made by Zacharias Janssen in 1590, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used the microscope to look at bacteria and red blood cells in 1670s.
 * 1643: Evangelista Torricelli made the mercury barometer, measures atmospheric pressure and predicts weather, 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit made thermometer, Anders Celsius created a different scale for thermometer in 1742.
 * Medicine and the Human Body:**
 * Greek physician Galen studied anatomy of pigs, but his work was accepted, assumed human anatomy was the same, Andeas Vesalius proved Galen wrong when he dissected human corpses, published //On the Structure of the Human Body// in 1543.
 * Late 1700s: Edward Jenner made a vaccine to prevent smallpox, inoculation is risky, cowpox is milder disease but after it would prevent smallpox.
 * Discoveries in Chemistry:**
 * Robert Boyle: "founder of modern chemistry" wrote The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, challenged Aristotle by claiming that matter was made up of smaller particles joined together in different ways. Boyle's law: volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.
 * Philosophers and scholars began to rethink past assumptions caused many breakthroughs in science.