Section+17-3+Luther+Leads+the+Reformation

Key Words:

 * __Indulgence__: A pardon. Released a sinner from his punishments that the priest said he must do.
 * __Reformation__: A movement for religious reform.
 * __Lutheran__: After giving up on reforming the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers started a new religious group.
 * __Protestant__: First used to call protesting princes, then used by Christians which used this word to call non-Catholic churches.
 * __Peace of Augsburg__: In 1555 Charles V called all the princes to Augsburg where they decided each prince could decide the religion of the state he ruled.
 * __Annul__: Set aside.
 * __Anglican Church__: Or Church of England, Parliament allowed Elizabeth I the only legal church of England in 1559.

Key Terms:

 * Causes of the Reformation:**
 * More problems for the Church by 1500: authority challenged, political power challenged, printing press spread secular ideas, Northern merchants stopped paying church taxes to Rome...the reformation started in Germany and began to spread through Europe.
 * Criticisms of the Catholic Church:**
 * Leaders were corrupt: many payed lots for personal pleasure, fought wars, ignored spiritual duties, and Alexander IV admitted to having children.
 * Priests and monks could barely read or teach, some married, drank, and/or gambled.
 * Early Calls for Reform:**
 * Higher standards were made by reformers, (look at past chapters for more details: Jan Hus, Christian humanists) also many were reading religious works, which recreated what Christianity meant.
 * Luther Challenges the Church:**
 * Martin Luther was a monk and a teacher, 1512-death he taught in Saxony, Germany at the University of Wittenberg.
 * The 95 Theses:**
 * Luther made stands against Johann Tetzel, a friar who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral by selling indulgences, in 1517, Tetzel gave people impressions that buying indulgences would let them go to heaven.
 * Luther wrote 95 Theses (formal statements) attacking "pardon-merchants", he posted them on a door of a castle church on October 31, 1517, scholars debated on them, somebody printed them and the words spread (over Germany) and began the Reformation, led to Christian churches that don't follow the pope.
 * Luther's Teachings:**
 * Luther soon wanted more then criticizing, he wanted a full reform, three main ideas: win salvation by believing in God's forgiveness and not good works, teachings based of the bible, everyone was equal in faith and therefore would not need a pope or priest to teach the bible.
 * The Response to Luther:**
 * Many people had been unhappy with the Church and Luther attracted many followers.
 * The Pope's Threat:**
 * At first the pope saw a rebellious monk who needed to be punished and put into order, then he saw Luther as a serious threat who even once suggested forcing the pope out by force.
 * Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther in 1520 unless he took back the statements, he didn't, people cheered, he was excommunicated.
 * The Emperor's Opposition:**
 * Emperor Charles V, a Catholic and controlled a huge amount of land, disapproved Luther, summoned him to Worms in 1521 to stand trail and Luther still refused to take back his statements.
 * Edict of Worms, Luther was an outlaw and a heretic, nobody was supposed to feed or give him shelter, his books were supposed to be burned, but Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed, sheltered Luther for nearly a year, Luther translated the New Testament into German.
 * Luther went to Wittenberg in 1522, put his ideas into practice, started the Lutherans.
 * The Peasants Revolt:**
 * Some put Luther's ideas into society, 1524: German peasants demanded end of serfdom, angry peasants raided monasteries along the countryside, Luther disapproved and said to show no mercy to princes, revolt crushed, 100,000 people dead, many started to reject Luther.
 * Germany at War:**
 * Many N German princes supported Lutheranism, some for selfish reasons (steal Church property and independence from Charles V).
 * 1529: Princes loyal to pope agreed to join together to fight Luther's ideas, those with Luther signed a protest against the agreement and were known as Protestants.
 * Charles V went to war against Protestant princes, degeated in 1547 but they refused to follow the Catholic Church, look at Peace of Augsburg.
 * England Becomes Protestant:**
 * England also broke free from the Church, except not by Luther's teachings and for political reasons.
 * Henry VIII Wants a Son:**
 * Henry VIII was a devoted Christian when he became the king in 1509, 1521 even wrote against Luther's teachings, but he needed a son to continue the line and all his wife and he had was a daughter Mary and no female has ever successfully claimed the throne, his loyalty to the Church threatened.
 * 1527: convinced his wife, Catherine (42 years old), would have no more children, wanted a divorce and a younger queen, Church didn't allow divorce, pope would allow it if Henry could prove never legal, asked the pope to annul and the pope refused who didn't want to offend Emperor Charles V.
 * The Reformation Parliament:**
 * 1529: Henry went to Parliament and asked for them to pass some laws that ended the pope's power in England, known as Reformation Parliament.
 * 1533: secretly married Anne Boleyn (20s), then he legally divorced Catherine. 1534: break with the pope completed since Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, the people took an oath that saw that Henry was leader of England's Church and accept the divorce.
 * Act of Supremacy: Thomas More still remained a Catholic even though he criticized it, refused oath, Henry arrested him and put him in the Tower of London as a prisoner, 1535: More was executed after being found guilty of high treason.
 * Consequences of Henry's Changes:**
 * Henry still did not get a son, a daughter Elizabeth from Anne, charged with treason and beheaded, 1536: Henry took a third wife (Jane Seymour) almost immediately, 1537: gave him a son Edward, she died two weeks later, he married thrice more but none had children.
 * Henry died in 1547, each of his children ruled, first Edward when he was 9 years old and was guided by adult advisers who were Protestants, Edward was constantly ill and ruled for 6 years, Mary took throne in 1553 and was a Catholic and returned to pope, many Protestants executed, Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth became queen.
 * Elizabeth Restores Protestantism:**
 * Elizabeth I wanted Protestantism, Parliament allowed her wished in 1559.
 * She made a church for the halfway point between Catholics and Protestants, so both would accept, priests allowed to marry, sermons in English (not Latin), kept some of Catholic service (exp: rich robes), services revised to be more acceptable to Catholics.
 * Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges:**
 * She brought religious peace to England, but it still remained a problem, Protestants wanted more reforms, some Catholics wanted to overthrow Elizabeth and replace with her cousin Catholic Mary Queen of Scots, faced threats from Philip II (Catholic king of Spain).
 * Money was a problem, late 1500s: build an American empire as an income, strengthened economy but didn't enrich the queen, money wanting would lead to the next reign and the problems between Parliament and king/queen.