Section+14-3+England+and+France+Develop

Key Words:

 * __Common Law__: Formed by royal judges, unified body of law.
 * __Magna Carta__: Great Character, the most celebrated document in the English history, made by nobles, forced approval from John, guaranteed basic political rights, limited king's power and save feudal rights.
 * __Parliament__: Made out of two burgesses from ever borough, and two knights from county, it is a legislative group.
 * __Estates-General__: Meeting, Church leaders-First Estate, great lords-Second Estate, commoners, wealthy landholders, merchants-Third Estate.

Key People:

 * __William the Conqueror__: An invader, a duke from Normandy.
 * __Henry II__: Decedent of William, king, married to Eleanor of Aquitaine (added wealth and land from William).
 * __Hugh Carpet__: Duke from middle of France held a small territory, Capetian dynasty, 987-1328, made out of french kings, ruled France.
 * __Phillip II__: Most powerful Capetians, 1180-1223.

Key Terms:

 * England Absorbs A Wave of Invaders:**
 * Angles and Saxons way: Anglo-Saxon culture: two of England's regions changed by invaders.
 * Early Invaders:**
 * Danish Vikings invaded in 800s, from 871-899 Alfred the Great kept them at bay, successors united all under one: England, "land of Angles" (Germanic people who invaded and mingled).
 * 1016: Danish King Canute combined England with Vikings, 1042: Alfred's heir: King Edward the Confessor, died in 1066 leading to a struggle for the throne.
 * The Norman Conquest:**
 * Normandy: French term for Vikings, Normans: descendants of Vikings, but French language and culture, William the Conqueror, Edward's cousin, claimed the throne.
 * Harold Godswinson was Williams' enemy, also claimed the throne, October 14, 1066 Anglo-Saxons had the Battle of Hastings, Harold died.
 * William claimed England his own personal property, keeping 1/5 for himself, he gave all the lords' land who supported Harold to 200 lords who swore an oath to him, unifying the land.
 * England's Evolving Government:**
 * Kings tried for centuries to conquer French land, and to put more of their power into the Church.
 * Williams' decedents held land in England and Normandy.
 * Henry got land from his wife, called it Aquitaine, he was a king in his own land, and a vassal in France.
 * Juries and Common Laws:**
 * Henry ruled from 1154-1189, he sent royal judges around England at least once a year, taxes, settled lawsuits, and crimes, he also introduced juries, 12 loyal neighbors of the accused to answer questions, and only kings' courts could conduct them.
 * Common Law is what was used as the base of modern day laws.
 * The Magna Carta:**
 * Richard the Lion-Hearted was king after Henry, then his younger brother John "Softsword" who lost his lands in Normandy and his lands in northern France to Philip Augustus, had to face his nobles.
 * John was cruel to his subjects, wanted money, kept the Church away, nobles revolted, taxes for his war, June 15, 1215 he was forced to celebrate the Magna Carta. Magna Carta: fought to believe for all citizens, for only taxing for viable reasons, jury trial, protection of law.
 * The Model Parliament:**
 * Next king: Edward I, needed taxes for war against Welsh, French, and Scots, summoned a parliament in November 1292 at Westminser, London, called Model Parliament.
 * Between 1300-1400, parliament called for all needed new taxes, becaome House of Commons, nobles and bishops met separately, and they weakened lords, check on royal power.
 * Capetian Dynasty Rules France:**
 * French kings also searched for more power, counts and dukes ruled land under feudal system, by 1000 47 feudal territories, Capetian dynasty started after the last of the Carolingian family died (Louis the Sluggard).
 * France Becomes a Separate Kingdom:**
 * Hugh's sons and grandsons were weak rulers, but time and geography helped their small dyansty, for 300 years they slowly expanded out towards Paris.
 * Philip II Expands His Power:**
 * Philip Augustus (Philip II): ruled 1180-1223 and wanted revnge from Henry taking his father's land, at age 15 he went out to weaken his England's power in France.
 * Augustus = majestic, when John came around he seized Normandy from him in 1204, then another territory two years later, he tripled France by the end of his rule, first king to be more powerful then a vassal.
 * Philip wanted land and a strong central government, bailiffs (royal officials) were sent out to every district to be in the king's courts and collect taxes.
 * Philip II Heirs:**
 * Louis IX (Philip's grandson) ruled 1226-1270, pious and saintly, made a saint by the Catholic Church, made French appeals, royal courts gave power to monarchy, less to feudal system.
 * 1302: Philip IV (ruled 1285-1314) fought with pope who wouldn't allow priests to pay taxes to king, he called on lords, bishops and commoners to support him in a meeting.
 * Estates-General:**
 * Philip made Estates-General.
 * Similar to Parliament, helped royal power, differed because they never became independent and didn't limit king, Third Estate would however help overthrow kings in the French Revolution.
 * Beginnings of Democracy:**
 * This is beginning of democratic tradition and all very important, but turmoil of religious disputes, plague, and war on the way.