Section+14-1+Church+Reform+and+the+Crusades

Key Words:

 * __Simony__: When bishops sell positions in the Church.
 * __Gothic__: 1100s style for new architecture, more light, reached to heavens, came from Germanic tribe Goths.
 * __Crusade__: A "holy war" to conquer/gain control of Holy Land.
 * __Reconquista__: Long effort to drive out the Muslims, made by the Spanish.
 * __Inquisition__: A court to suppress heresy. Questioned, even tortured until confession or believed to be telling truth, then burned to stake after confession.

Key People:

 * __Pope Urban II__: Was the one to start the "holy wars".
 * __Saladin__: Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader, took control of Jerusalem in 1187.
 * __Richard the Lion-Hearted__: The last leader for 3rd Crusade out of Philip II and Frederick I after Philip left after fighting and Frederick drowned.

Key Terms:

 * The Age of Faith:**
 * For spiritual revival, the Church made new religious orders which expanded and restored power and authority for the Church.
 * Problems with the Church:**
 * Priests were illiterate, and were also marrying and having families, simony, feudal positions were more important.
 * Reform and Church Organization:**
 * Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII made it illegal for priests to marry and for simony to be used in the church, 1100-1200s Church was remade to resemble a kingdom, with popes as their leaders, and the Curia was the pope's advisers, court, and made all the canon laws (marriage, divorce, inheritance).
 * Church tax was called tithe, 1/10 of family income, and some was used for caring for ill and poor, and some for a hospital.
 * New Religious Orders:**
 * Friars are a lot like monks, spreading Christian faith, but instead of living separated from the world, they are homeless, beg, and preach.
 * Dominic founded Dominicans friars, mostly scholars, and Francis of Assisi founded Franciscans, who treated animals as if spiritual brothers and sister.
 * The women also helped by joining these groups, in 1212 Clare made Poor Clares, the Franciscans order for women, and other groups were similar to this, they helped the poor and the ill, but they were not allowed to travel or preach.
 * Cathedrals-Cities of God:**
 * Worshiped in small churches, cathedrals were larger and built in larger areas and represented the house of god and so they were heavily decorated, 800-1100 was Romanesque style, which was dimmed and gloomy.
 * A New Style of Church Architecture:**
 * More access to money meant better cathedrals, in early 1100s Gothic became a new style.
 * 500 Gothic churches were built between 1170-1270.
 * The Crusades:**
 * 1093 Byzantine emperor asked the Church pope for help against Muslim invaders, Pope Urban II started the Crusades, which continue for the next 300 years.
 * Goals of the Crusades:**
 * They had economic, social, and political motives for the Crusades, and the pope also wanted to take over some of the land that used to be Christendom, but the west and the east had split in 1054.
 * The knights also quarreled a lot, this would help them come together and stop threatening the Church and kings.
 * Younger sons who would not inherent property, this was an opportunity to go get some.
 * Merchants would loan cash for later Crusades, and they would also loan ships for crossing the Mediterranean Sea.
 * The First and Second Crusades:**
 * Those who died on Crusades would supposedly go to heaven, red cross on chest, and "god wills it".
 * 1097 arrived to Constantinople for battle, none of them ready for it, none of them having a leader, 12,000 (>1/4 of original army!) besieged and captured Jerusalem on July 15, 1099.
 * Won 650 miles of land, slit into 4 feudal sections, each with a European noble.
 * Lost land to Turkish in 1144, and the 2nd Crusade failed to also reclaim it.
 * The Third Crusade:**
 * Richard and Saladin fought many battles, made a truce, Jerusalem would stay under Muslim power, but unarmed Christians could go to holy locations.
 * The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:**
 * 1204, the fourth attempt was unsuccessful with Jerusalem, but they did loot Constantinople, next four Crusades unsuccessful, next two were trying to weaken Muslim power in Egypt, also unsuccessful.
 * The Children's Crusade:**
 * 1212 led by 12 year old Stephen of Coyles, 30,000 children under 18 marched without weapons and only with faith in God, died of starvation, illness, drowning, slavery.
 * Nicholas of Cologne got 20,000 children and young adults to get all the way to Italy, most of them dieing, to be told by the pope they were too young, 2,000 survived and some went to the Holy City and were never heard from again.
 * A Spanish Crusade:**
 * Muslims (Moors) controlled Spain until 1100s, and by 1400s, they only had Granada, which finally fell in 1492 under the Christan army Ferdinand and Isabella.
 * Heretics were people who did not follow Christan beliefs, if thought to believe otherwise would under inquisition. Many converted into Christianity, but still under watchful eye, and all Jewish and Muslim practices were banned in 1492.
 * The Effects of the Crusades:**
 * Many left for Holy Lands, leaving women in charge of estates, shops, inns.
 * Merchants expanded trades with Southwest Asia, which has many goods like spices, fruits, cloth.
 * Later Crusades lessened power of pope and feudal system, increased power with kings, fall of Constantinople lessened power of Byzantine Empire.
 * Christians and Muslims still have lingering hatred for each other and after Crusades, Muslims and Christians just made it worse, Jews were just prosecuted in Europe.
 * Took away: chivalry, religious fervor, and feudalism. Gained: trades, towns, universities.