Section+21-3+Central+European+Monarchs+Clash

Key Words:

 * __Thirty Years' War__:War over religion and territory and power between European rulers. Two phases: Hapsburg triumphs and Hapsburg defeats. 1618-1648.
 * __Seven Years' War__: Lasted until 1763. Didn't change anything territorial in Europe.

Key People:

 * __Maria Theresa__: Her reign was supposed to be peaceful, instead she faced war, enemy was Prussia.
 * __Frederick the Great__: AKA Frederick II, continued military ways, but soften some of his father's laws, domestic affairs: encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. Though rulers should be like a father to their people.

Key Terms:

 * The Thirty Years' War:**
 * Lutherans vs. Catholics, with Calvinism threatening as it spread in Germany, Lutherans and Protestant Union joined in 1608, and 1609 Catholics princes formed the Catholic League.
 * Bohemian Protestants Revolt:**
 * 1618: Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II was head of Hapsbug family, Protestants in Bohemia didn't trust him has their leader, and when he closed some Protestant churches the Protestants revolted.
 * This began the Thirty Years' War.
 * Hapsburg Triumphs:**
 * First 12 years pf 30 years war, Hapsburg armies crished the hired Protestant armies, stopped Czech revolt and defeated the German Protestants who supported the Czechs.
 * Ferdinand II gave money to 125,000 men to plunder and rob German villages.
 * Hapsburg Defeats:**
 * Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, protestant, had an army of 23,000 changed the war in 1630: drove the Hapsburg armies out of north Germany, Adolphus killed in battle in 1632.
 * Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin dominated the rest of the war years; Catholic and feared Hapsburg more then Protestants, 1635: Richelieu sent French troops to join German and Swedish Protestants against Hapsburg.
 * Peace of Westphalia:**
 * Effects of Germany: population went from 20 million to 16 million, trade and agriculture messed up, economy ruined.
 * Peace of Wesphalia in 1648 ended the war: weakened Hapsburg in Spain and Austria, strengthened France with Germany territory, German princes independent, ended religious wars, introduced new way to make peace.
 * Beginning of Modern States:**
 * Treaty took away idea of super ruling Catholic empire, Europe now a group of equal and independent states.
 * States Form in Central Europe:**
 * States formed more slowly in central Europe, kingdom of Poland, Holy Roman Empire, and Ottoman Empire, non strong until mid-17the century.
 * Economic Contrasts with the West:**
 * Central Europe economy different: in West in Middle Ages the serfs gained freedom and moved to towns, joined middle-class, and then economic power because of commercial revolution and development of capitalism.
 * But in central Europe: passed a law restricting serfs from leaving, letting nobles keep them and produce large harvests, big profits selling to around Europe.
 * Several Weak Empires:**
 * Nobles held serfs and kept development of strong kings at bay, Polish nobility elected the Polish king who had limited power, little income for kings, no law courts, and no army.
 * Two empires also weak; Suleyman the Magnificent took over Hungary and threatened Vienna in 1529, Ottoman Empire could not take European conquest any further, Ottoman Empire only got weaker from there.
 * Holy Roman Empire; very weakened from 30 year war, had no real power without control of German states, late 1600s two German speaking families decided to become rulers.
 * Austria Grows Stronger:**
 * One family: Hapsburgs of Austria, and became absolute monarchs, 1: during 30 year war they took over Bohemia and took out Protestants and Czechs pledged loyalty, 2: after war, created centralized government and army, 3: 1699: Hapsburg took back Hungary from Ottoman.
 * 1711: Charles VI became Hapsburg ruler, ruled Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans.
 * Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne:**
 * Charles VI made other leaders of Europe sign agreements that they would allow Charles's oldest daughter to become heir; Maria Theresa.
 * Prussia Challenges Austria:**
 * Prussia rose to power in late 1600s, Hohenzollerns were the ruling families and they had ambitions.
 * Rise of Prussia:**
 * Prussia made from number of small holdings: German states of Brandenburg and Prussia, 1640: 20 year old Hohenzollern Frederick William, the Great Elector, became elector of Brandenburg and collected a strong army.
 * The Great Elector and his descendants made an absolute monarchy, made the best army in Europe, 80,000 men, and paid with taxes, weakened representatives.
 * The Junkers, landowning nobility, defied kings' power, early 1700s: King Frederick William I bought cooperation: officers in his army.
 * Frederick the Great:**
 * Frederick worried his son wasn't military enough, he loved music, philosophy, and poetry, 1730: he and a friend attempted to run away and prince Frederick was forced to watch his friend beheaded.
 * War of the Austrian Succession:**
 * 1740: Maria Theresa succeeded her father, 5 months after Frederick II came in power in Prussia, Frederick wanted Austrian land Silesia which boarded Prussia because is made iron ore, textiles and food, he underestimated Theresa and sent an army to Silesia in 1740.
 * Theresa went to Hungary, and asked nobles for help, and they gave her an army, great Britain joined with Austria. Theresa stopped Prussia from taking over, but she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
 * The Seven Years' War:**
 * Theresa made an alliance with France, diplomatic revolution began, Frederick signed a treaty with Britain. Austria, France, and Russia vs. Britain and Prussia.
 * 1756: Frederick attacked Saxony, soon all large European powers involved in the war, and India, and North America.
 * Britain was the big winner: won French colonies in North America, and sole economic domination of India.