Section+6-1+The+Roman+Republic

Key Words:

 * __Republic__: A form of government where the citizens have the right to vote for their leaders.
 * __Patrician__: Wealthy landowners with most of the power in the beginning of the Republic.
 * __Plebeian__: Most of the population was made up of artists, merchants, and farmers.
 * __Tribune__: Representitives voted by Plebeians to protect Plebeians from unfair treatment from Patricians.
 * __Consul__: Two Officials who commanded army and directed government, had one year terms and cannot be consul again for 10 years. Could veto anyone.
 * __Senate__: 300 members voted by the upper class, legislative and administrative functions. Eventually Plebeians could be in the senate.
 * __Dictator__: Power lasted for six months, they had complete power over government and army.
 * __Legion__: A military unit of 5,000 men, heavily armed, and a cavalry on horses as back-up. Split into groups of 80 (a century).
 * __Punic Wars__: Three wars between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.

Key People:

 * __Hannibal__: A brilliant Carthage general who wanted revenge.
 * __Scipio__: Roman general who fought back on Hannibal's attack.

Key Terms:

 * The Origins of Rome:**
 * Mortal twins, Romulus and Remus, of Gods were raised by a she-wolf, then built the city of Rome around 753 B.C.
 * Rome's Geography:**
 * Built on seven hills, near Tiber River and the Mediterranean Sea, and on the Italian peninsula.
 * The First Romans:**
 * Settlers came between 1000 and 500 B.C.: Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans. Latins are believe to be the first Romans when they built huts on Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills.
 * Greeks had control between 750 and 600 B.C., bringing everyone together.
 * Etruscans, northern Italy, influenced Rome in their alphabet and engineering (the arch).
 * The Early Republic:**
 * 600 B.C., Etruscans become kings of Rome, which covered 500 square miles, and made temples and public centers, including the Forum (center of their political life).
 * Last king, Tyrant Tarquin the Proud, afterward, declared to more kings. Made a republic, where citizens, free-born, male citizens, could vote.
 * Patricians and Plebeians**
 * In the beginning Patricians and Plebeians fought for power in beginning of republic.
 * Patricians received all power, and Plebeians became the citizens who could vote, later on Plebeians were able to vote on tribunes too.
 * Twelve Tables:**
 * Patricians officials could make up any laws that had not been written, but in 451 B.C., a group of 10 officials created the twelve tablets with all the laws, citizens had rights to the protection of the law.
 * Government Under the Republic:**
 * In 1 B.C., scribes boasted the Rome had reached perfect balance in government.
 * Senate influenced domestic and foreign policy.
 * The assembly was more of the democratic section in Roman government.
 * Dictators were chosen in times of need and were chosen by consuls and elected by senate.
 * The Roman Army:**
 * All land owning men had to serve in army, and if you wished to become an official, had to serve 10 years in army. Legions was a big part in Roman army set up.
 * Rome Spreads its Power:**
 * Rome's dream, for hundreds of years, was to expand.
 * Rome Conquers Italy:**
 * Romans used legions to take over other land. By 400 B.C.-central Italy. By 265 B.C.-all of Italy.
 * Three groups of outside regions: people who had citizenship, but no voting, full citizenship, and just allied (supplied troops and didn't become a problem). Controlled for 200 years after 265 B.C., and spread very vastly.
 * Rome's Commercial Network:**
 * On Mediterranean Sea, which meant good trading, olives, and wine for food and natural resources. Carthage got in the way of Rome's trading.
 * War with Carthage:**
 * Punic Wars began between the two: first for Sicily and control of the western Mediterranean, 264-241 B.C. (24 years) and Rome won. 2nd fight began in 218 B.C. because of Carthage's general Hannibal.
 * Hannibal's army: 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants, marched men long distance, loosing half of them, but surprised Romans and took control of a lot of land, but not all of Rome.
 * Rome Triumphs:**
 * Scipio came up with a plan, and fought back, In 202 B.C., Romans defeated Carthage and drove them back.
 * Third war: 149-146 B.C., Romans went in, set fire, and put 50,000 Carthages into slavery, new Roman providence.
 * Power of Western Mediterranean, next: eastern: by 70 B.C. Rome had conquered land from Spain to Anatolia.