Section+22-2+The+Enlightenment+in+Europe

Key Words:

 * __Enlightenment__: AKA Age of Reason, height in mid-1700s, an intellectual movement in regards about government, religion, economics, and education.
 * __Social Contract__: Believed by Hobbes: he thought people should give rights to rulers, rulers give law and order
 * __Philosophe__: French word for philosophers, social critics of that time period in France. That people could apply reason to all aspects of life.

Key People:

 * __John Locke__: Believed people learned from experience and improved. Didn't like absolute monarchy, favored self-government. Founder of modern democracy.
 * __Voltaire__: AKA François Marie Arouet, published 70+ books about politics, philosophy, and drama.
 * __Montesquieu__: Writer, devoted to study of political liberty, believed Britian was best governed.
 * __Rousseau__: Liked personal freedoms, essay maker, disgreed with many because he believed that civilization made people's natural good bad. Man is free.
 * __Mary Wollstonecraft__: Wrote essay //A Vindication of the Rights of Woman// in 1792, women's education needed to become useful and women should have male "jobs" too.

Key Terms:
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 * Two Views on Government:**
 * E started in 1600s by political thinkers.
 * Hobbes's Social Contract:**
 * Thomas Hobbes believed that human nature is selfish and wicked, we need governments. Follows Leviathan.
 * Hobbes thought rulers need complete power because people only care about themselves.
 * Locke's Natural Rights:**
 * John Locke thought people could govern their own affairs and were reasonable.
 * People born free and equal, 3 natural rights: life, liberty, and property and government needs to protect these rights and government can be overthrown if it fails.
 * The Philosophes Advocate Reason:**
 * Five main concepts: reason (truth can be found in it), nature (natural good and reasonable), happiness (seek well-being on earth), progress (humankind must improve), and liberty (liberties in Bill of Rights).
 * Voltaire Combats Intolerance:**
 * Voltaire made many enemies in the French court, sent to prison twice adn then exiled to prison for two years.
 * He Voltaire fought for 5 core concepts of philosophe, used pen against war with intolerance, prejudice, and superstition.
 * Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers:**
 * Montesquieu called the branches of government separating power the separation of powers.
 * Oversimplified Britain's government, wrote book called //On the Spirit of Laws// and said branches create checks and balances.
 * Checks and balances basis of United States Constitution.
 * Rousseau: Champion of Freedom:**
 * Rousseau thought the only good governments were guided by general will and freely formed, 1762: //The Social Contract//.
 * Rousseau believed that the social contract meant agreement amoung free individuals created a society and government.
 * Everyone equal, nobility titles abolished, inspired many leaders in French Revolution which overthrew monarchy in 1789.
 * Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice:**
 * Cesare Bonesana Beccaria thought about justice system: laws meant to preserve social order and not avenge, didn't like torture or irregular trials, or cruel punishments. Wanted speedy trial and no torture, degree of punishment should be depending on crime.
 * Women and Enlightenment:**
 * Many people still thought women shouldn't be educated, just for men, mother to daughter, no reading, yet some men fought for women education and equality.
 * A Serious Proposal to the Ladies by Mary Astell in 1694 wrote about lack of education, marriage and government smushing women, and how are men free and women not?
 * 1700s, more women started rebelling.
 * Women spread Enlightenment ideas in social gatherings.
 * Emilie du Châtelet got an education, mathematician and physicist, also translated Newton's work from Latin to French.
 * Legacy of Enlightenment:**
 * Challenged authorities.
 * Philosophes encouraged reform, but not active revolutionaries, inspired American and French and others in 1800s.
 * Belief in Progress:**
 * Pioneers (Galileo and Newton) in 15-1600s, door opened, 1700s new discoveries in chemistry, biology, physics, mechanics, philosophes and reformers urged end of slavery and for equality, democratic government.
 * A More Secular Outlook:**
 * 2nd outcome: non-religious outlooks, people started to question the church, mysteries of church and god now explained.
 * Importance of the Individual:**
 * Rise of individualism, people looked into themselves.
 * Reason what is right and wrong, government formed by individuals, Adam Smith extended economic thinking: acted in self-interest created economic progress.
 * Reason. Some kings and queens also interested with ideas, used to improve countries.