Section+14-2+Changes+in+Medieval+Society

Key Words:

 * __Three-Field System__: Villages would split fields into three sections, every year two would be planted and the third would "lay" and have a break. Food production increased.
 * __Guild__: Organization of individuals in the same line of business working to improve economic and social conditions for their group.
 * __Commercial Revolution__: Available trade and news ways of trade expanded trade.
 * __Burgher__: Merchant-class dwellers.
 * __Vernacular__: Everyday language of homeland.
 * __Scholastics__: Schoolmen, known to use Aristotle.

Key People:

 * __Thomas Aquinas__: Scholar from mid-1200s, and said that most basic religious truths could be proven in logical argument.

Key Terms:

 * A Growing Food Supply:**
 * Needed more food for improving and growing Europe, between 800-1200 a warmer climate, and more ideas and developments made.
 * Switch to Horsepower:**
 * Oxen needed less care, and was less expensive then horses, but a team of horses could plow three times as much as a team of oxen.
 * Also needed new harnesses, around 900 one was made to go on chest, slowly teams of horses were being used.
 * The Three-Field System:**
 * Around 800, three-field system invented (look above), European population grew a lot because of this inventions.
 * The Guilds:**
 * Merchants banded together to make the first guild to keep prices up.
 * Some jobs: men and women, others: mostly women, guilds set rules, pay, and training for next generation.
 * Helped them establish wealth, helped those in smaller towns get to trade.
 * Commercial Revolution:**
 * Trading finance also changed.
 * Fairs and Trade:**
 * Fairs happened a few times a year during festivals, merchants would haul goods from neighboring places to sell their goods.
 * Cloth was number one selling, but everyday everything was being sold, nothing made in just manors now.
 * Trade routes from all over: Byzantine, Asia, Muslim, etc.
 * Merchants began to buy then resell for a higher bargain, which then they would use profits to buy more.
 * Business and Ranking:**
 * Many types of currencies, so instead of merchants carrying around large amounts of money, they created a bill for between merchants so they could buy from each other.
 * Since merchants needed to borrow money, but the Church's usury, Jews did banking, until the Church let up on that sin, banking very important in Italy.
 * Society Changes:**
 * Commercial revolution changed many things, especially of what you worked on so you had to move to where it was most suitable to do your line of work, many villages grew into cities.
 * Urban Life Flourishes:**
 * Between 1000-1150 population went from 30 million to 45 million in western Europe, Paris has 60,000 by 1200, most villages 1,500-2,500.
 * Trade and Towns Grown Together:**
 * People had to move to towns because that is where trade was, but no bathing, narrow streets with waste, animals, no sewage, illness, fire hazards.
 * Serfs ran away, and after a year and a day in a town they would become officially "free".
 * Merchant Class Shifts the Order Up:**
 * At first feudal lords took control of towns, for fees and taxes, merchants fought for privileges and usually fought their feudal lord and take privileges by force.
 * The Revival of Learning:**
 * Much more contact with Muslims and the Byzantine people, who still had Greek philosophers.
 * The Muslim Connection:**
 * 1100s Christians visited Muslim libraries, who translated their Arabic versions into Latin, they rediscovered so much knowledge and brought Muslim technology into their world.
 * Scholars and the Universities:**
 * Universities was mainly wealthy sons of artisans and merchants, how you got into Church and politics, theology: bachelor was 5-7 years, and master was 12 years.
 * Scholars and writers wrote in Latin, mostly, poets also began again (but wrote in 1st language), some stories still around today: //The Devine Comedy// by Dante Alighieri, //The Canterbury Tales// by Geoffrey Chaucer, and //The Book of the City of Ladies// by Christine de Pisan, writing in vernacular brought literature to everyday people.
 * Aquinas and Medieval Philiosophy**
 * Wondered if they could bring Aristotle and Christianity together.
 * Aquinas wrote //Summa Theologicae// between 1267 and 1273 which brought Christianity and ancient Greek, used Aristotle to argue current issues and it influenced politics and Church, etc.