3-2+Hiduism+and+Buddhism+Develop

**Key Words:**

 * __Moksha____-__A state of perfect understanding of all things.
 * __Atman-__The individual soul of a human being.
 * __Brahman-__The world soul that unites all atmans.
 * __Reincarnation-__rebirth.
 * __Karma-__good or bad deeds.
 * __Jainism-__A religion that came from the Upanishads.
 * __Four Noble Truths-__What the Buddha discovered in his enlightenment: life is filled with suffering and sorrow, cause: selfishness for pleasures, way to end suffering: no desires, to overcome desires: become enlightened and follow the Eightfold Path.
 * __Nirvana-__Release from selfishness and pain.
 * __Sangha-__The Buddhist religious order.

**Key People:**

 * __Mahavira-__Creator of Jainism.
 * __Siddhartha Gautama-__creator of Buddhism.
 * __Buddha-__is Siddhartha Guatama after he understands the cause of suffer, also known as the "enlightened one".

**Key Terms:**

 * Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries:**
 * Is a collection of beliefs collected over time.
 * Cannot be traced back to its exact origin or creator despite scholors' attempts.


 * Origins and Beliefs:**
 * Religion is a way to liberate the soul, and the Upanishads were comments of teachers (from 750 B.C. to 550 B.C.) trying to find the hidden meanings of Vedic Hymns.
 * Upanishads were usually written down as dialogue between student and teacher, talks about atman, Brahman, and moksha.
 * How they would explain the unifying spirit of the Brahman: reincarnation happens until ones soul can get to perfect understanding, the soul's next life (what it is and its state of health, etc.) is decided through its karma.


 * Hinduism Changes and Develops:**
 * Hinduism changed over 2,500 years. Brahman was at on point seen as three god personalities, the was faded into the backround and Devi and the Mother Goddess came forth.
 * Today, Hindus may believe the form of gods they want to believe in, although families traditions come from generations back, and most follow a path to moksha.


 * Hinduism and Society:**
 * Those who were born into royalty or upper classes would have good karma from their past lives, but women, laborers, and untouchables did not, also, only those in the top three varnas could possibly achieve moksha in their present lifetime.
 * Religion controlled everyday actions, from what you should eat, to making a decision, to how one should dress.


 * New Religions Arise:**
 * Upanishads led to two other religions-Buddhism and Jainism.
 * Jainism was a belief that decided that everything had a soul (everything) and they were very non-violent people.
 * Almost all of the 5 million belivers live in India, and are rich because they lead non-violent jobs (nothing get hurt-animals, bugs, etc.).


 * The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment:**
 * Gautama was born in a noble family in Kapilavastu, and was isolated from the world because if he stayed home he would become a world ruler, but if he left home he would become a spiritual leader, he got married and had a son


 * Siddhartha's Quest:**
 * Ventured out into the world for the first time at age 29, saw an old man, then a sick man, then a death, so he decided to leave home and become a religious man.
 * Wandered through woods for 6 years, trying to find enlightenment or wisdom, he talked to other religious men, fasted, then finally mediated. After 49 days of meditation, he understood the cause of suffering in the world, he then became know as the Buddha/enlightened one.


 * Origins and Beliefs:**
 * Buddha's first sermon was to his five companions, it became the start of Buddhism and in this sermon said the Four Noble Truths.
 * Eightfold Path-guide to behavior, and would achieve it in multiple lifetimes.
 * Following Eightfold Path would bring you to Nirvana.
 * Similarities and differences to Hinduism: both had reincarnation, both had a similar meaning for Nirvana and moksha, and when reached these goals, both would end reincarnation, but no gods, just enlightenment, and no extra privileges or caste system.


 * The Religious Community:**
 * The five companions of Buddha become the first five monks admitted to the sangha, first this was just for the community for nuns and monks, but then became the community for the whole religious belief, or the Buddha and the dharma (the Three Jewels).


 * Buddhism and Society:**
 * First followers: laborers and craftspeople, since no social status, then northeast India because of lack of Aryans hold on the people, gave women religious orders, but afraid that they would distract the men.
 * Monks and nuns made vows: life of poverty, nonviolent, not to marry, spread Buddha's teaching, they also lived in caves during the raining seasons, but those became permanent monasteries.
 * The secret literature, recorded in the 100 B.C. includes the teachings of Buddha (after his death), commentaries, monastery's life, how to mediate, and the previous reincarnations of the Buddha.


 * Buddhism in India:**
 * Never really popular in India, did spread to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and China, one reason might be because Hinduism was more popular, and the two religions influenced each other.
 * Regardless of the small population of Buddhists in India, it is still an important location in Buddhism. They pilgrim there and visit his birthplace, the fig tree where he mediated, location of the first sermon, and the sacred mountains, they travel to each one in a clockwise direction, leaves flowers, and lie their face to the ground.


 * Trade and Spread of Buddhism:**
 * Traders were more important the missionaries to share the religions, since they would carry it even farther then them, they carried them all over the silk road, brought it to East Asia, Central Asia, Korea, Japan, Thailand...it spread to all the major regions of the world.